Probing osmolyte participation in the unfolding transition state of a protein

1. Lorna Dougan, 
2. Georgi Z. Genchev, 
3. Hui Lu, and 
4. Julio M. Fernandez
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of osmolyte protection in protein stability has proved to be challenging. In particular, little is known about the role of osmolytes in the structure of the unfolding transition state of a protein, the main determinant of its dynamics. We have developed an experimental protocol to directly probe the transition state of a protein in a range of osmolyte environments. We use an atomic force microscope in force-clamp mode to apply mechanical forces to the protein I27 and obtain force-dependent rate constants of protein unfolding. We measure the distance to the unfolding transition state, Δxu, along a 1D reaction coordinate imposed by mechanical force. We find that for the small osmolytes, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and glycerol, Δxuscales with the size of the molecule, whereas for larger osmolytes, sorbitol and sucrose, Δxu remains the same as that measured in water. These results are in agreement with steered molecular dynamics simulations that show that small osmolytes act as solvent bridges in the unfolding transition state structure, whereas only water molecules act as solvent bridges in large osmolyte environments. These results demonstrate that novel force protocols combined with solvent substitution can directly probe angstrom changes in unfolding transition state structure. This approach creates new opportunities to gain molecular level understanding of the action of osmolytes in biomolecular processes.
1. DOI
1. Journal: 
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences